Domain & Hosting

Which of the following is not a valid top level domain

December 9, 2022by JaneNo Comments

Domain Name System

Internationalized Domain Name ,IDN,”IDNs are domain names that include characters used in the local representation of languages that are not written with the twenty-six letters of the basic Latin alphabet “”a-z””. An IDN can contain Latin letters with diacritical marks, as required by many European languages, or may consist of characters from non-Latin scripts such as Arabic or Chinese. Many languages also use other types of digits than the European “”0-9″”. The basic Latin alphabet together with the European-Arabic digits are, for the purpose of domain names, termed “”ASCII characters”” (ASCII = American Standard Code for Information Interchange). These are also included in the broader range of “”Unicode characters”” that provides the basis for IDNs. The “”hostname rule”” requires that all domain names of the type under consideration here are stored in the DNS using only the ASCII characters listed above, with the one further addition of the hyphen “”-“”. The Unicode form of an IDN therefore requires special encoding before it is entered into the DNS. The following terminology is used when distinguishing between these forms: A domain name consists of a series of “”labels”” (separated by “”dots””). The ASCII form of an IDN label is termed an “”A-label””. All operations defined in the DNS protocol use A-labels exclusively. The Unicode form, which a user expects to be displayed, is termed a “”U-label””. The difference may be illustrated with the Hindi word for “”test”” — परीका — appearing here as a U-label would (in the Devanagari script). A special form of “”ASCII compatible encoding”” (abbreviated ACE) is applied to this to produce the corresponding A-label: xn--11b5bs1di. A domain name that only includes ASCII letters, digits, and hyphens is termed an “”LDH label””. Although the definitions of A-labels and LDH-labels overlap, a name consisting exclusively of LDH labels, such as””icann.org”” is not an IDN.”

This list of Internet top-level domains (TLD) contains top-level domains, which are those domains in the DNS root zone of the Domain Name System of the Internet. A list of the top-level domains by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is maintained at the Root Zone Database.[1] IANA also oversees the approval process for new proposed top-level domains for ICANN. As of April 2021 , their root domain contains 1502 top-level domains.[2][3] As of March 2021 , the IANA root database includes 1589 TLDs. That also includes 68 that are not assigned (revoked), 8 that are retired and 11 test domains.[1] Those are not represented in IANA’s listing[2] and are not in root.zone file (root.zone file also includes one root domain).[4]

Types

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IANA distinguishes the following groups of top-level domains:[5]

Original top-level domains

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Seven generic top-level domains were created early in the development of the Internet, and predate the creation of ICANN in 1998.

  • Name: DNS names
  • Entity: intended use
  • Notes: general remarks
  • IDN: support for internationalized domain names (IDN)
  • DNSSEC: presence of DS records for Domain Name System Security Extensions

Infrastructure top-level domains

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InfrastructureEntityNotesIDNDNSSEC.arpa”Address and Routing Parameter Area”Originally assigned to the Advanced Research Projects Agency in the early days on the Internet, .arpa is now exclusively used as an Internet infrastructure TLD.NoYes

Country code top-level domains

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As of 20 May 2017, there were 255 country-code top-level domains, purely in the Latin alphabet, using two-character codes. As of June 2022 , the number was 316, with the addition of internationalized domains.[1]

Proposed internationalized ccTLDs

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Internationalised domain names have been proposed for Japan and Libya.

ICANN-era generic top-level domains

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  • Name: DNS name
  • Target market: intended use
  • Restrictions: restrictions, if any, on who can register, and how the domain can be used
  • Operator: entity the registry has been delegated to
  • IDN: support for internationalized domain names (IDN)
  • DNSSEC: presence of DS records for Domain Name System Security Extensions

English

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A

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B

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C

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D

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E

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F

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G

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H

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I

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J

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NameTarget marketRestrictionsOperator/RegistryIDNDNSSEC.jewelryJewelers, jewelry buyers, online retailers, department stores—Identity DigitalYesYes.jobsEmploymentFor websites with job opportunities and job listings.[47]Employ MediaNoYes.joy—Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[9]

K

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L

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M

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N

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O

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P

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Q

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NameTarget marketRestrictionsOperator/RegistryIDNDNSSEC.qponcoupons—dotCOOLUn­knownYes.quebecPeople and businesses in Quebec——Un­knownYes

R

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S

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T

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U

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V

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W

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X

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NameTarget marketRestrictionsOperator/RegistryIDNDNSSEC.xxxadult entertainment (pornography)For sites providing sexually explicit content, such as pornography.UniregistryYesYes.xyzgeneral—XYZ.comYes[77]Yes

Y

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NameTarget marketRestrictionsOperator/RegistryIDNDNSSEC.yachtsyachtsDERYachts, LLC[9].yogayoga—Minds + Machines[n 3]YesYes.youAmazon Registry Services, Inc.[9].youtubeReserved for YouTubeGoogle, LLC

Z

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NameTarget marketRestrictionsOperator/RegistryIDNDNSSEC.zeroAmazon Registry Services, Inc.[9].zipdigital storage information, providers, and related entitiesCharleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[9].zoneSports fans, technology groups & followers, entertainment, fairs, destinations with a “zone”, city planners & zoning regulators, any topic with a following—Identity DigitalYesYes

Chinese

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NameChinese termTranslationRestrictionsOperatorIDNDNSSEC.ren人 rén“people/person” in Mandarin pinyinRestricted TLD[78](Cancelled)[79]Un­knownYes.shouji手机 shŏujīmobile phoneQIHOO 360 TECHNOLOGY CO. LTD..tushu图书 túshūbooksAmazon Registry Services, Inc..wanggou网购 wǎnggòuonline shoppingAmazon Registry Services, Inc..weibo微博 wēibómicrobloggingSina Corporation.xihuan喜欢 xǐhuānlikeQIHOO 360 TECHNOLOGY CO. LTD..xin信 xìncredit; honestAlibaba Group

French

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German

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Hindi

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Italian

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Portuguese

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NameTranslationRestrictionsOperatorIDNDNSSEC.bomgoodNúcleo de Informação e Coordenação do Ponto BR – NIC.br.passagensticketTravel Reservations SRL

Spanish

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Internationalized generic top-level domains

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All of these TLDs are internationalized domain names (IDN) and support second-level IDNs.

  • Notes: general remarks and intended use
  • DNSSEC: presence of DS records for Domain Name System Security Extensions

DNS NameIDNLanguageScriptTransliterationEnglish TranslationNotesDNSSECxn--4gbrim[87].موقعArabicArabicmawqiʿ “site” or “location”Open TLDYesxn--fhbei[87].كومArabickwmcomOwned by: VeriSign Sarl[9]xn--mgbb9fbpob[87].موبايليArabicmūbāylīMobilyOwned by: GreenTech Consultancy Company W.L.L.[9]xn--mgbi4ecexp[87].كاثوليكArabickāthūlīkCatholicOwned by: Pontificium Consilium de Comunicationibus Socialibus (PCCS) (Pontifical Council for Social Communication)[9]xn--ngbc5azd[87].شبكةArabicArabicshabaka“network”Open TLDYesxn--ngbe9e0a[87].بيتكArabicbaytak your homeOwned by: Kuwait Finance House[9]xn--mgbab2bd[87].بازارPersianArabicbâzâr“market”, “bazaar”Open TLDYes DNS NameIDNLanguageScriptTransliterationEnglish TranslationNotesDNSSECxn--3ds443g[87].在线ChineseChinese (Simplified)zàixiàn”online”Open TLD.
The Chinese Government quickly bought 20,000 internationalized subdomains for localities.[88]Yesxn--fiq228c5hs[87].中文网ChineseChinese (Simplified)Zhōngwén wǎng”(written) Chinese (language) network”Open TLD.
The Chinese Government quickly bought 20,000 IDN for localities.[88]Yesxn--ses554g[87].网址ChineseChinese (Simplified)wǎngzhǐ”network address” or “website”Open TLDYesxn--5tzm5g[87].网站ChineseChinese (Simplified)wǎngzhàn”website”Open TLDYesxn--io0a7i[87].网络ChineseChinese (Simplified)wǎngluò”network”Open TLDYesxn--55qx5d[87].公司ChineseChinese (Simplified and Traditional)gōngsī”business organization” or “company”Open TLDYesxn--czru2d[87].商城ChineseChinese (Simplified and Traditional)shāngchéng”mall”Open TLDYesxn--nqv7f[87].机构ChineseChinese (Simplified)jīgòu”agency”Open TLDYesxn--6qq986b3xl[87].我爱你ChineseChinese (Simplified)wǒ ài nǐ”I love you”Open TLDYesxn--czr694b[87].商标ChineseChinese (Simplified)shāngbiāo”trademark”Open TLDYesxn--rhqv96g[87].世界ChineseChinese (Simplified and Traditional)shìjiè”world”Open TLDYesxn--3bst00m[87].集团ChineseChinese (Simplified)jítuán”conglomerate”Open TLDYesxn--30rr7y[87].慈善ChineseChinese (Simplified)Císhàn”philanthropy”Open TLDYesxn--45q11c[87].八卦ChineseChinese (Simplified)Bāguà”gossip”Open TLDYesxn--55qw42g[87].公益ChineseChinese (Simplified)Gōngyì”philanthropy”Open TLDYes

Japanese characters

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DNS NameIDNLanguageScriptTransliterationEnglish TranslationNotesDNSSECxn--q9jyb4c[87].みんなJapaneseHiraganaminnaeveryoneOpen TLD[89]Yesxn--1ck2e1b[87].セールJapaneseKatakanasērusaleOwned by: Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[9]xn--bck1b9a5dre4c[87].ファッションJapaneseKatakanafasshonfashionxn--cck2b3b[87].ストアJapaneseKatakanasutoastorexn--eckvdtc9d[87].ポイントJapaneseKatakanapointopointxn--gckr3f0f[87].クラウドJapaneseKatakanakuraudocloudxn--tckwe[87].コムJapaneseKatakanakomucomOwned by: VeriSign Sarl[9]

Other script

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Geographic top-level domains

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  • Name: DNS name
  • Entity: Target geographic area
  • Notes: general remarks
  • IDN: support for internationalized domain names (IDN)
  • DNSSEC: presence of DS records for Domain Name System Security Extensions

Africa

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Asia

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Europe

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North America

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Oceania

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South America

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Internationalized geographic top-level domains

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Brand top-level domains

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  • Name: DNS name
  • Entity: company and/or brand
  • Notes: general remarks
  • IDN: support for internationalized domain names (IDN)
  • DNSSEC: presence of DS records for Domain Name System Security Extensions

Internationalized brand top-level domains

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Special-Use Domains

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ICANN/IANA has created some Special-Use domain names which are meant for special technical purposes. ICANN/IANA owns all of the Special-Use domain names.[227]

NameEntityNotesIDNDNSSEC.exampleNot installed as a domain name, but usable in text as an example.
(example.com, example.net, and example.org are also reserved for this purpose but are active sites.)Un­known.invalidNot installed as a domain name, but usable in testing as a domain which wouldn’t work.Un­known.localLocal network. Must be used with an mDNS server[228]Un­known.localhostPoints back to own computerUn­known.onionConnection to the Tor networkUn­known.testMeant for testing DNS softwareUn­known

Non-IANA domains

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Besides the TLDs managed (or at least tracked) by IANA or ICANN, other independent groups have created, or had attempted to create, their own TLDs with varying technical specifications, functions, and outcomes.

Blockchain-based domains are registered and exchanged using a public blockchain like Ethereum. Often times, these domains serve specific functions such as creating human-readable references to smart contract addresses used in DApps or personal wallet addresses.[229] Generally, these non-standard domains are unreachable through the normal DNS resolution process and instead require clients to use some sort of transparent web proxy or gateway to access them

NameBlockchainHomepageNotesN/AHandshakehttps://handshake.org/Handshake is both an alternative DNS root zone and a domain name-centric blockchain meant for managing TLDs in a decentralized way which allows virtually any domain to be registered as a TLD by end users. The project intends to be a more resilient and distributed implementation of the global root zone without needing a centralized organization, like ICANN, to manage or operate it. Though it doesn’t aim to outright replace the existing root zone, as it reserves all existing TLDs so that a query for wikipedia.org, for example, that is sent to a Handshake node can be redirected to the traditional root.[230].ethEthereumhttps://ens.domains/Domains under the .eth TLD are primarily used as human-readable aliases to Ethereum wallet addresses, rather than IP addresses,[231] though some efforts into expanding the use of .eth into the traditional DNS space have been made..crypto, .zilEthereum, Zilliqahttps://unstoppabledomains.com/Both .crypto and .zil aim to make cryptocurrency wallet address resolution easier, with the exception that, unlike the other examples mentioned here, the two TLDs are the product of a for-profit company, Unstoppable Domains, that markets the domains as an alternative DNS root despite being entirely dependent on the traditional root zone.[232].bitNamecoinhttps://namecoin.org/Namecoin’s .bit TLD technically operates as a single-domain DNS root, though has historically peered with the OpenNIC root zone to provide greater accessibility. The popularity and usage of .bit domains is much lower than the other projects mentioned, despite it being the earliest example. This is primarily due to the negative reputation Namecoin has garnered after .bit domains became popular for sharing and distributing illegal or illicit content such as malware, which ultimately prompted OpenNIC to end its peering agreement and stop serving the TLD in its root zone in 2018.[233]

Alternate roots

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In the case of alternative DNS roots, organizations or projects make use of the same mechanisms of the DNS but instead take on the role of ICANN in managing and administering an entirely separate root zone, thus having the ability to create new TLDs independently. However, this doesn’t make these domains any less isolated from the rest of the internet, though the ability for clients to resolve them theoretically only requires switching to a recursive DNS resolver that recognizes and serves records underneath the alternate root zone.

NameRootHomepageNotesN/AHandshakehttps://handshake.org/The list of registered TLDs on the Handshake blockchain is too large and dynamic to enumerate here..bbs .chan .cyb .dyn .geek .gopher .indy .libre .neo .null .o .oss .oz .parody .pirateOpenNIChttps://www.opennic.org/.furFurNIChttps://wiki.opennic.org/opennic:dot:fur.lib .coin .emc .bazarEmercoinhttps://emercoin.com/2015-01-15-Emercoin_Reaches_Peering_Agreement_with_OpenNIC.ku .te .ti .uu .ko .rmNew Nationshttp://new-nations.net/en/

See also

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Explanatory notes

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  1. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag

    Domain registry is operated by United TLD Holdco Ltd. t/a Rightside Registry, a subsidiary of the Rightside Group.

  2. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r

    Operated by Charleston Road Registry, Inc., a subsidiary of Google. See [1]

  3. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p

    A subsidiary of Minds + Machines Group (formerly Top Level Domain Holdings.)

  4. ^

    Operating as Top Level Design

  5. ^

    Operating as Afilias Domains No. 5 Limited.

  1. ^

    Operating as Half Oaks, LLC

  2. ^

    Operating as Knob Town, LLC

  3. ^

    Operating as Steel Falls, LLC

  4. ^

    Operating as Baxter Hill, LLC

  5. ^

    Operating as Half Hallow, LLC

  6. ^

    Operating as Grand Hollow, LLC

  7. ^

    Operating as Over Galley, LLC

  8. ^

    Operating as Atomic Madison, LLC

  9. ^

    Operating as Spring Cross, LLC

  10. ^

    Operating as Half Sunset, LLC

  11. ^

    Operating as Atomic Maple, LLC

  12. ^

    Operating as Delta Dynamite, LLC

  13. ^

    Operating as Delta Mill, LLC

  14. ^

    Operating as Foggy Hollow, LLC

  15. ^

    Operating as Goose Cross, LLC

  16. ^

    Operating as Wild Corner, LLC

  17. ^

    Operating as Delta Lake, LLC

  18. ^

    Operating as New Falls, LLC

  19. ^

    Operating as Tin Mill, LLC

  20. ^

    Operating as Sand Cover, LLC

  21. ^

    Operating as Holly Fields, LLC

  22. ^

    Operating as Snow Sky, LLC

  23. ^

    Operating as Black Corner, LLC

  24. ^

    Operating as Fox Shadow, LLC

  25. ^

    Operating as Goose Park, LLC

  26. ^

    Operating as Steel Lake, LLC

  27. ^

    Operating as Puff Willow, LLC

  28. ^

    Operating as Trixy Cover, LLC

  29. ^

    Operating as Fox Orchard, LLC

  30. ^

    Operating as Silver Avenue, LLC

  31. ^

    Operating as Pine Mill, LLC

  32. ^

    Operating as Pine House, LLC

  33. ^

    Operating as Fox Dynamite, LLC

  34. ^

    Operating as Magic Woods, LLC

  35. ^

    Operating as Koko Lake, LLC

  36. ^

    Operating as Snow Shadow, LLC

  37. ^

    Operating as Binky Frostbite, LLC

  38. ^

    Operating as Spring Way, LLC

  39. ^

    Operating as Pine Fest, LLC

  40. ^

    Operating as Sand Sunset, LLC

  41. ^

    Operating as Steel Station, LLC

  42. ^

    Operating as Tin Birch, LLC

  43. ^

    Operating as John Edge, LLC

  44. ^

    Operating as Dash Park, LLC

  45. ^

    Operating as Half Trail, LLC

  46. ^

    Operating as Extra Madison, LLC

  47. ^

    Operating as Holly Hill, LLC

  48. ^

    Operating as Sugar Cross, LLC

  49. ^

    Operating as Brice Way, LLC

  50. ^

    Operating as Spring Madison, LLC

  51. ^

    Operating as Binky Birch, LLC

  52. ^

    Operating as Romeo Canyon.

  53. ^

    Operating as Snow Oaks, LLC

  54. ^

    Operating as Corn Station, LLC

  55. ^

    Operating as Trixy Park, LLC

  56. ^

    Operating as Pioneer Maple, LLC

  57. ^

    Operating as Spring Falls, LLC

  58. ^

    Operating as Magic Pass, LLC

  59. ^

    Operating as Victor Beach, LLC

  60. ^

    Operating as Atomic Pipe, LLC

  61. ^

    Operating as Just Maple, LLC

  62. ^

    Operating as Cotton Cypress, LLC

  63. ^

    Operating as Just Cover, LLC

  64. ^

    Operating as Fox Woods, LLC

  65. ^

    Operating as Brice Orchard, LLC

  66. ^

    Operating as Fox Station, LLC

  67. ^

    Operating as Half Cypress, LLC

  68. ^

    Operating as John Dale, LLC

  69. ^

    Operating as John Castle, LLC

  70. ^

    Operating as Lone Fields, LLC

  71. ^

    Operating as Sugar House, LLC

  72. ^

    Operating as Goose Sky, LLC

  73. ^

    Operating as Black Cover, LLC

  74. ^

    Operating as Over Madison, LLC

  75. ^

    Operating as Corn Sunset, LLC

  76. ^

    Operating as Snow Moon, LLC

  77. ^

    Operating as Pioneer Cypress, LLC

  78. ^

    Operating as Silver Glen, LLC

  79. ^

    Operating as John Madison, LLC

  80. ^

    Operating as Goose Woods, LLC

  81. ^

    Operating as Sugar Park, LLC

  82. ^

    Operating as Outer House, LLC

  83. ^

    Operating as Outer Maple, LLC

  84. ^

    Operating as Pioneer Willow, LLC

  85. ^

    Operating as Wild Way, LLC

  86. ^

    Operating as Holly Glen, LLC

  87. ^

    Operating as Just Goodbye, LLC

  88. ^

    Operating as Pine Moon, LLC

  89. ^

    Operating as Victor Trail, LLC

  90. ^

    Operating as Trixy Oaks, LLC

  91. ^

    Operating as John McCook, LLC

  92. ^

    Operating as Big Fest, LLC

  93. ^

    Operating as Hidden Frostbite, LLC

  94. ^

    Operating as June Woods, LLC

  95. ^

    Operating as John Goodbye, LLC

  96. ^

    Operating as Fern Pass, LLC

  97. a b

    Operating as Dog Beach, LLC

  98. ^

    Operating as Grand Glen, LLC

  99. ^

    Operating as Trixy Manor, LLC

  100. ^

    Operating as Magic Glen, LLC

  101. ^

    Operating as Sea Goodbye, LLC

  102. ^

    Operating as Sugar Glen, LLC

  103. ^

    Operating as Sea Corner, LLC

  104. ^

    Operating as Foggy Sky, LLC

  105. ^

    Operating as Foggy Moon, LLC

  106. ^

    Operating as Snow Galley, LLC

  107. ^

    Operating as Spring Tigers, LLC

  108. ^

    Operating as Magic Birch, LLC

  109. ^

    Operating as Big Pass, LLC

  110. ^

    Operating as Grand Island, LLC

  111. ^

    Operating as Big Hollow, LLC

  112. ^

    Operating as Lone Sunset, LLC

  113. ^

    Operating as Binky Glen, LLC

  114. ^

    Operating as Snow Avenue, LLC

  115. ^

    Operating as Little Galley, LLC

  116. ^

    Operating as Fox Castle, LLC

  117. ^

    Operating as Binky Galley, LLC

  118. ^

    Operating as Fern Madison, LLC

  119. ^

    Operating as Ruby Town, LLC

  120. ^

    Operating as Silver Cover, LLC

  121. ^

    Operating as Atomic Fields, LLC

  122. ^

    Operating as Half Falls, LLC

  123. ^

    Operating as Grand Orchard, LLC

  124. ^

    Operating as Tin Avenue, LLC

  125. ^

    Operating as Dash Cypress, LLC

  126. ^

    Operating as Victor Frostbite, LLC

  127. ^

    Operating as Delta Orchard, LLC

  128. ^

    Operating as New Cypress, LLC

  129. ^

    Operating as Outer Moon, LLC

  130. ^

    Operating as Auburn Bloom, LLC

  131. ^

    Operating as Pioneer Tigers, LLC

Citations

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Written by Jane